What is Cybernetics:
A video about the history and defination of Cybernetics.
According to Wiki:
Cybernetics comes from a Greek word meaning "the art of steering" which evolved into Latin as "governor" . Nowadays, Cybernetics is commonly the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine.It is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems, their structures, constraints, and possibilities. It is relevant to the study of mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems. It is only applicable when the system being analysed is involved in a closed signal loop; that is, where action by the system causes some change in its environment and that change is fed to the system via information (feedback) that enables the system to change its behavior. This "circular causal" relationship is necessary and sufficient for a cybernetic perspective.
Defination of Cybernetics by scientists:
#Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of behaving. It does not ask “what is this thing?” but “what does it do?Cybernetics stands to the real machine—electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic—much as geometry stands to a real object in our terrestrial space".
#"The art of securing efficient operation."---L. Couffignal
#l said cybernetics was "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action."---Louis Couffigna
#"The art of effective organization."—Stafford Beer
#"The science and art of understanding."—Humberto Maturana
#"The science and art of the understanding of understanding."—Rodney E. Donaldson
#"A way of thinking about ways of thinking of which it is one."—Larry Richards
#"The art of creating equilibrium in a world of constraints and possibilities."—Ernst von Glasersfeld
#"The art of interaction in dynamic networks." --- Roy Ascott
#"Information is information, not matter or energy."Norbert Wiener said
#Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of behaving. It does not ask “what is this thing?” but “what does it do?Cybernetics stands to the real machine—electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic—much as geometry stands to a real object in our terrestrial space".
#"The art of securing efficient operation."---L. Couffignal
#l said cybernetics was "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action."---Louis Couffigna
#"The art of effective organization."—Stafford Beer
#"The science and art of understanding."—Humberto Maturana
#"The science and art of the understanding of understanding."—Rodney E. Donaldson
#"A way of thinking about ways of thinking of which it is one."—Larry Richards
#"The art of creating equilibrium in a world of constraints and possibilities."—Ernst von Glasersfeld
#"The art of interaction in dynamic networks." --- Roy Ascott
#"Information is information, not matter or energy."Norbert Wiener said
My understanding of Cybernetics:
Why do Cybernetics is "the art of steering"? Cybernetics is a system that has a goal and has information for achieving the goal. During the process of getting to the goal, there are many varieties that may change the environment of the system , thus feedback is needed to compare the action of processing and the goal in order to arrange its behavior to the right way. Paul Pangaro said in the video that we can design the software to do whatever you want. However, the more varieties it has, the harder the features and ranges need to be build. Therefore, Cybernetics is actually quite complicated as it is not only to make use of the information to obtain its purpose, it is also very essential that the system has to calculate the probable outcomes and possibilities that cause by varieties and that the system should find the most suitable and possible way to get the goal. In short, Cybernetics uses the models of organization, feedback, goal and conversation to understand the ability, possibility and limitation of a system and then it makes the relative regulations and arrangements.
In fact, Cybernetics is also relating to the ways we think and the ways we behave. It is not just a matter of machine but also about the human's mind. Our minds are actually a Cybernetic system that we do everything with a goal (You may have the concious of achieving the goal or you may not aware of what you need but it is in your subconcious indeed) and we will do the feedback of information(e,g the occation, evironment, experience, etc.) for the sake of obtaining the goal. The Cybernetics theory can be applied to design thinking too. Paul Pangaro explained this in the
interview.
An Interview video of Paul Pangaro, who is a technology executive, conversation theorist, entrepreneur and teacher. CTO and co-founder of CyberneticLifestyles.He is talking about what is Cybernetics and its applications. (part1)
(Part2)
Here is the wesite that describing his theory of the design of conversation:
Dfination of Cybernetics
History of Cybernetics:
Cybernetics as a process operating in nature has been around for a long time.
The word cybernetics was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by Plato in The Alcibiades to signify the governance of people. The word 'cybernétique' was also used in 1834 by the physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge.
Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology and neuroscience in the 1940s. Electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer Harold S. Black on using negative feedback to control amplifiers. The ideas are also related to the biological work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy in General Systems Theory.
Cybernetics as a discipline was firmly established by Norbert Wiener, McCulloch and others, such as W. Ross Ashby, mathematician Alan Turing, and W. Grey Walter. Walter was one of the first to build autonomous robots as an aid to the study of animal behaviour.
The name cybernetics was coined to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms" and was popularized through his book Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine Wiener popularized the social implications of cybernetics, drawing analogies between automatic systems (such as a regulated steam engine) and human institutions in his best-selling The Human Use of Human Beings : Cybernetics and Society (Houghton-Mifflin, 1950).
New cybernetics
In the 1970s, new cyberneticians emerged in multiple fields, but especially in biology. The ideas of Maturana, Varela and Atlan, according to Dupuy (1986) "realized that the cybernetic metaphors of the program upon which molecular biology had been based rendered a conception of the autonomy of the living being impossible.
One characteristic of the emerging new cybernetics considered in that time by Geyer and van der Zouwen, according to Bailey (1994), was "that it views information as constructed and reconstructed by an individual interacting with the environment.Another characteristic of the new cybernetics is its contribution towards bridging the "micro-macro gap". That is, it links the individual with the society".Another characteristic noted was the "transition from classical cybernetics to the new cybernetics [that] involves a transition from classical problems to new problems.
*A change from emphasis on the system being steered to the system doing the steering, and the factor which guides the steering decisions.
Others:
Artificial Intelligence and cybernetics:
Artificail Interlligence and Cybernetics is a two seperated items. AI is usually applied on intelligent machines. AI first developed in the 1960s as the concept of universal computation. Scientists want to build a computer that is as smart as human It is set of many outcomes dealing with many different situaltions. It focuses on how the machine implement the designed commands. However, Cybernetics is more condsidering the process and variation of the system which is more like human thinking.
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